Birth Control in Schools Essay

Schools are the one institution in our society regularly attended by most young people-nearly 95% of all youth aged 5 to 17 years are enrolled in elementary or secondary schools (National Center for Education Statistics, 1993). Large percentage of youth attend schools for years before they encounter sexual risk-taking behaviors and a majority is enrolled at the time they initiate intercourse. Just as youth in communities with high rates of poverty and social unawareness are more likely to become pregnant so youth in schools with high rates of poverty and social inadequacy are also more likely to become pregnant. In particular, when female teens attend schools with high percentages of dropout rates and with higher rates of school vandalism they are more likely to become pregnant. The lack of opportunity and greater disorganization in some minority communities in this country, teens in schools with higher percentages of minority students are also more likely to have higher pregnancy rates than teens in schools with lower percentages of minority(Manlove, 1998).. Students in these studies, it is often difficult to distinguish the impact of school character from the impact of the community characteristics in which they reside. Social scientists and educators have suggested a wide variety of explanations for how schools reduce sexual risk-taking behavior. Some of their explanations have observed research supporting them, while others are credible, but lack supporting research. For example, educators concerned with adolescent sexual behavior have suggested that: 1. Schools structure students’ time and limit the amount of time that students can be alone and engage in sex. 2. Schools increase interaction with and attachment to adults who discourage risk-taking behavior of any kind (e.g., substance use, sexual risk-taking, or accident-producing behavior). More generally, they create an environment which discourages risk-taking. 3. Schools affect selection of friends and larger peer groups that are important to them. Because peer norms about sex and contraception significantly influence teens’ behavior, this impact on schools may be substantial. However, just how schools affect selection of friends and peers is not clearly understood. 4. Schools can increase belief in the future and help youth plan for higher education and careers. Such planning may increase the motivation to avoid early childbearing. As noted above, multiple studies demonstrate that educational and career aspiration are related to use of contraception, pregnancy, and childbearing. 5. Schools can increase students’ self-esteem, sense of competence, and communication and refusal skills. These skills may help students avoid unprotected sex. Despite the growing strength of the abstinence movement across the country, large majorities of adults favor SEX and AIDS education that includes discussions of condoms and contraceptives. For example, a 1998 poll of American adults found that 87% thought birth control should be covered (Rose & Gallup, 41-53), a 1998 poll found that 90% of adults thought condoms should be covered (Haffner & Wagoner, 22-23)and another 1999 poll found that 82% of adults believed all aspects of sex education including birth control and safer sex should be taught . (Hoff, Greene, McIntosh, Rawlings, & D’Amico, 2000). Given both the need for effective educational programs and public support for such programs, schools have responded. According to a 1999 national survey of school teachers in grades 7 to 12, about 93% of their schools offered sexuality or HIV education (Darroch, Landry, & Singh, 204-211, 265). Of those schools teaching any topics in sexuality education, between 85% and 100% included instruction on consequences of teenage parenthood, STD, HIV/AIDS, abstinence, and ways to resist peer pressure to have sex. Between 75% and 85% of the schools provided instruction about puberty, dating, sexual abuse, and birth control methods. Teachers reported that the most important messages they wanted to convey were about abstinence and responsibility. During the same year, survey results from a second survey of teachers and students in grades 7 to 12 were completed (Hoff et al., 2000). Their results were similar to the study above. They revealed that at least 75% of the students and similar percentages of the teachers indicated the following topics were covered in their instruction: basics of reproduction, STD and HIV/AIDS, abstinence, dealing with pressures to have sex, and birth control. Despite the fact that most adolescents receive at least a minimum amount of sexuality or HIV education, it is widely believed by professionals in the field that most programs are short, are not comprehensive, fail to cover some important topics, and are less effective than they could be (Britton, deMauro, & Gambrell, 1-8; Darroch, Landry, & Singh, 2000; Gambrell & Haffner, 1993; Hoff, et al., 2000). For example, both surveys of teachers discussed above found that only half to two thirds of the teachers covered how to use condoms or how to get and use birth control. there is very little information about the extent to which sex- and HIV-education curriculum have been found to be effective and are implemented with fidelity in additional schools. However, considerable unreliable information indicates few schools implemented the lessons. There is a widely held belief that schools have established a foundation for programs, but that effective programs need to be implementing more broadly and with greater dedication throughout the country. I want to take you back to when I was a teenager and how I personally can relate to the same choices and decisions our teenagers is face with today, in my personal experience; My boyfriend and I had our sex talk we decide I should go to my mother and talk to her about some form of birth control, her response was no. there was no explanation, no reasoning, and no questions ask about why I want to go on it. It was simply no! The end result I have 21yrs old. I’m not saying that we made the best choice because I still had an option to use a condom and contraceptives. Today’s teenagers resources are plentiful, they can go to cook county hospital, they have Planned Parenthood and there local clinic in there neighborhood and now they have program that are being implemented in their high schools. Children, who do not have supported parents, can not talk to their parents. I want to bring in another aspect as to what can happen when you do not enforce communication about birth control, sex and consequences with your teenager, as you know I’m a grandmother I wouldn’t trade my granddaughter in for anything in the world. Not enforcing the use of contraceptive, I feel one of the reasons that I became a grandmother in my thirty. because I did not get as involved with my son as I should have after he inform me that he was sexually active. The high Schools offer them open lines of communication and provide a safe atmosphere in which allows them to express their thought as to why they are there in the first place. It’s possible it can lead to single parenthood and a high drop out rate. Pregnancy among teenagers is continuing to rise despite a 40 million Government campaign to reduce the problem, while sexually transmitted diseases are reaching epidemic levels. The Royal College of Nursing revealed that increasing numbers of teenagers are indulging in sex and even taking part in orgies called ‘daisy chaining’. The Department for Education and Skills has admitted that 66 out of 150 local education authorities have at least one ‘ school based health service’ in their area providing advice, access to or direct provision of contraception. You have statistics on birth control and personal experience wouldn’t you rather your teenager be knowledgeable than not? Biliography Britton, P. O., DeMauro, D., & Gambrell, A. E. HIV/AIDS education: SIECUS study on HIV/AIDS education for schools finds states make progress, but work remains. SIECUS Report, 21(1), 1-8 (1992) Chandy, J. M., Harris, L., Blum, R. W., & Resnick, M. D. Female adolescents of alcohol misusers: Sexual behaviors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 23, 695-709 (1994) Darroch, J. E., Landry, D. J., & Singh, S. Changing emphases in sexuality education in U.S. pubic secondary schools, 1988-1999. Family Planning Perspectives, 32, 204-211, 265 (2000) Gambrell, A. E., & Haffner, D. Unfinished business: A SIECUS assessment of state sexuality education programs. New York: SIECUS (1993) Haffner, D., & Wagoner, J. Vast majority of Americans support sexuality education. SIECUS Report, 27(6), 22-23 (1999) Hoff, T., Greene, L., McIntosh, M., Rawlings, N., & D’Amico, J. Sex education in America: A series of national surveys of students, parents, teachers, and Jones 8 principals. Menlo Park, CA: The Kaiser Family Foundation. (2000) Manlove, J. The influence of high school dropout and school disengagement on the risk of school-age pregnancy. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 8, 187-220 (1998) National Center for Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics, 1993. Washington, DC: US Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement. (1993) Rose, L. C., & Gallup, A. M. The 30th annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup Poll of the public’s attitudes toward the public schools. Phi Delta Kappan, Sept., 41-53 (1998, September) Singh S. Adolescent pregnancy in the United States: An interstate analysis. Family Planning Perspectives, 18, 210-220 (1986)

It's a history class (Final Exam (Take Home), 30%) Essay

It's a history class (Final Exam (Take Home), 30%) - Essay Example In his book, he claimed that Africa had no future of its own yet, but only that of Europeans in the continent (Trevor-Roper et al 72). After much research into the past of the African people before colonization, it has been found that the views of these two men were to say the least, misplaced, deceitful and unfounded. A critique of Hegel’s and Hugh’s comments Before the coming of the white man, the continent of Africa was home to the native Africans who possessed their customs, politics and economies. Through the passage of time, these factors remained of their own making. Their history was marked with events of peace, strife, ceremonies and rituals, and as barbarous or primitive as it seemed, it was their own history with no external influences (Nnoromele 43). When the Europeans arrived to Africa, they denied it a place in world history. Georg Hegel, Hugh Trevor Roper and other Western philosophers called it a land without norms that needed to be cultured. In other wo rds, they viewed Africa as a wild beast that possessed no knowledge of right and wrong or his identity and his interests. According to them, he was occupied with nothing else but the instinct of daily survival from factors like hunger and other beasts. For this reason, he needed some taming with religion and domestication with civilization, both of which, they believed he lacked (Rodney 43). To the whites, Africans had no religion and thus no idea of God. To them, their belief was fetish that is the belief in inanimate objects. For this reason, African religious objects were stashed as myths and artifacts in boxes then ferried away to the Western museums as a nagging reminder that they might never learn. Prior to the Europeans, Africans were engaged in various traditional religions. The generalization of these religions is difficult due to the diversity of Africa’s pre-colonial cultures, but they had some similar characteristics. These similarities included the belief in a su preme being, spirits and other various divinities, the use of magic, the veneration of ancestors, the use of traditional medicine and an oral basing rather than a scriptural one. Another major generalization was the belief that humanity existed to harmonize the physical world with the supernatural one. These religions were passed down from one generation to the other through art, festivals, rituals, word of mouth, songs and dances, names of people, proverbs, myths, beliefs and customs. Upon entry of the Europeans, Africans did not just sit back and allow the dissolution of their religious institutions. In southern Nigeria, for example, opposition from highly organized traditional religious institutions met the Christian missionaries. Religious societies like the Okigwe and the Obgunorie clashed with the missionaries in several occasions. Another resistance to religious colonization was the maji maji (sacred water) revolt of 1905-1907, which took place in Tanzania. The movementâ€⠄¢s leader, Kinjeketile, convinced his fighters that he possessed some sacred water, which, upon drinking, would make one invulnerable to bullets from the Europeans. However, just as many other African revolts, they lost the battle and had to adhere to the white man’s demands. To end the strife and come to a standpoint, the missionaries in many African lands sat with the indigenous leaders to come up with the African

Strategic management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic management accounting - Essay Example The analysis of variance involves finding the difference between the budgeted figure and the actual figure. Whereby, a positive or a negative variance may be obtained. Whereby, a positive variance implies that the budgeted figures were higher than the actual amount. This means that management an over cast was made when preparing the budget (Codjia, 2013). On the other hand, a negative variance indicates that the budgeted amount was lower than the amount obtained. This means that there was an under cast during budget preparation. Therefore, strategic variance analysis may be categorized into two divisions namely; mutually exclusive strategic variance analysis and discretionally strategic variance analysis. Whereby, exclusive variance analysis focuses at determining the deviations in terms of budgeted and actual sales volumes. On the other hand, exclusive variance analysis focuses at determining deviations in terms of contribution margin and production cost (Codjia, 2013). Additionally , strategic management accounting helps in monitoring and control. Whereby, internal auditors conduct a thorough scrutiny of financial reporting mechanism. This helps auditors to exercise internal control of financial reports as well as prevent errors that could occur. ... Therefore, this study will provide an insight on the two major sections regarding strategic management accounting as discussed. Question 1 Advice on two entirely different businesses about the benefits and problems associated with what is termed the â€Å"traditional approach to budgeting and budgetary control†. The benefits that may accrue from an organisation that tend to adopt traditional approach of budgeting and budgetary control may vary between different organisations. This is because a budget that can be applied in one organisation may not be effective in another organisation. Additionally, external factors influencing a business may not be similar because different organisation might be operating under different business environments. Additionally, organisation differs in terms of goals, objectives and activities carried out (Bhattacharyya, 2006). For instance, a budget that may be utilized in a business that operates in a very stable and static market place may not b e suitable to a business that operate in a very dynamic, rapidly changing, innovative environment. This means that on out of the two organisations, one might obtain more benefits than the other as a result of adopting traditional approach of budgeting and budgetary control. Connectively, traditional approach of budgeting and budgetary control has the following feature; budgets are approved prior the onset of the budgetary year, secondly, plans, assumptions and factors that could affect the next year budget are made in advance. Thirdly, control to rectify deviations might be taken into consideration. Additionally, the budgeted figures are normally compared with actual figures on both cumulative and monthly basis (Bowhill, 2008). In above

Critique-Does the Internet strengthens Social Connections Essay

Critique-Does the Internet strengthens Social Connections - Essay Example Writer has given evidences from many sources to support his viewpoint however; enough evidence is available to counter the viewpoint of writer. This essay will make an effort to highlight that Internet does not strengthen social connections rather it is a source of weakening them. In particular, the paper will include different examples to discuss the above-mentioned statement. Writer (2011) has discussed â€Å"diffusion of information across a wide population† and â€Å"online communities or social networking sites â€Å"as big advantages. It needs discussion how much these linkages have benefited humanity and the world as a whole. One need to see whether world is a better place to live today than it was ever before. It is considered that internet is damaging basic fabric of human society by replacing Face-to-Face Communication with Online Communication. Over the years, people of all ages, especially younger ones prefer to surf the web in homes rather than spending time wit h family members. Reference is made to a study available regarding negative effects of internet on teenagers, which states, (Web) â€Å"The proliferation of pornographic materials is undeniably one of the alarming things that has brought about by the Internet. It does not only corrupt the minds of the young people that are exposed to them but also it paves the way for the degradation of human dignity. It also strains the moral make up of society. The Internet also alienates the person from his social self. While most think that talking to loved ones through the computer screens allows or offers the same satisfaction of social needs just like engaging in conversations personally, there really is a big difference between the virtual self and the social self. This could further lead to addiction, which could hamper a person’s way of living and those who are directly in contact with him. The Internet was intended to be used for military purposes. However, due to its versatility and applicability, we have it as how it is used today. It exists as our friend when used properly and our foe when misused†. Beyond doubt internet has facilitated means for interpersonal communication while using social networking site like Face book and MSN Messenger, but to what end ?, it has become a biggest time waster for American people specially youth. People are found deeply involved in a never-ending loop of chatting, instant messaging, emailing, video conferencing, webcam pornography and host of other activities related to net. Social connectivity resulting from cyber space is temporary and forgettable. Faces can be swapped on net like web pages, one leading to another as a chain reaction without real affiliation with any one. Utility of internet in establishing social connections is a fact however these connections are, in majority cases, short lived, temporary and forgettable. Parents are very commonly found complaining about kids always sticking to internet one-wa y or the other. In addition to negative socializing there are menaces like entertainment , pornography and anti- religion sites which have become a source of mental deviation rather disease for many people. Another menace introduced by net is mind wandering in which people are not mentally present where they physically are. Web reference (Web -Social Capital and College Students’) quoted by writer refutes use of social networking sites by saying: Although this early work acknowledged the ways in which offline and online networks bled into one another, the assumed online to offline directionality may not apply to today’s SNSs that are structured both to articulate existing connections and enable the creation of new

Paragraph Essay Questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paragraph Questions - Essay Example An example here may be, in spite of the Chinese people eating snail, my society forbids it because they see it as something dirty. The challenges for either of the two answers lies on grammatical constructions because in spite of language being the same for a spefic citizens in a country, their pronounciations on words and constructions gives a totally different meaning. In my opinion, the prisoner’s dilemma does not challenge contractarianiam because it is one of the ways to reach at social contractarian solution to the problem harbored by many people on self interest. Therefore, this strengthens the essential equality of human power where no one is considered special to the other. The end result of the dilemma is that all parties living in a society always end up reaching a mutual agreement where their deeds and actions are determined by a sovereign authority. In my opinion, I would not be happy to satisfy any desire at any time whenever I have the need because it will lose the essence of life itself. This is because life would lose the essence of morality and we in turn will lack the satisfaction obtained from doing such things as a good deed. An example is that when I am ordered to kill people are from a different race, because they are not like me, how then do I claim all human beings are equal and have a right to life to such people like my children. Moreover, this is also not possible because of the consequences of satisfying desires which cannot happen normally. According to Socrates, a philosophical leader is one who studies the habits and thinking dimensions of those considered great leaders and applying it to his or her own leadership position. The type of leadership management can improve the work place as leaders are forced towards intellectual self examination and logical reasoning therefore acquiring critical thinking

HR Home Work 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HR Home Work 6 - Assignment Example These areas of my education are very helpful to an aspiring CSA like me, as they will enable me to deal with clients of all walks of life and successfully close any transaction they might have with the company.† â€Å"I want to work for this company because not only is it reputed to have a good working environment that drives employees to excel, but it also has a record of fairness. This implies that the company strictly complies with existing labor laws and provides its workforce certain opportunities for growth. In addition, I want to work for this company because its mission-vision is very much in line with my personal goals.† The quoted paragraph above was my reply to this particular question during my job interview. I do not think any necessary revision should be made because the answer really captured the thoughts I intended to express at that time. I answered this question with by saying, â€Å"I believe I am the best person for the job because I am dedicated, devoted and armed with the right knowledge and skills. I will work to the best of my abilities.† â€Å"I believe I am the best person for this job because I am equipped with the knowledge and skills suitable to the position I have applied for. Such knowledge and skills are also honed by a high standard university with competent instructors. More than that, however, I am a person who is very much dedicated in almost every aspect of life. I am willing to sacrifice time, energy and resources just to get a work done. Giving up is also not in my vocabulary. Thus, if I am given my job, I will do my utmost to deliver the performance you seek.† â€Å"My strengths as an individual would stem from the drive to excel, sincere devotion to the responsibilities and tasks assigned to me, and the ability to cope up with pressures while delivering outputs on time. I am also

Canadian Historical Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Canadian Historical Development - Essay Example According to the essay findings  Canada is one country that has received immense influence on its political landscape from the French, Americans and Britons. For this reason what is practised in Canada is more less a blend of the three to a hug extent. The rights and freedoms of individuals are well guarded by the constitution and so are regional autonomy and the rule of law. The English traditions, French civil law and North American aboriginal government have all been embedded into one item to form the Canadian political culture.This study declares that  the political landscape being a borrowed one is characterised by the country being a constitutional monarchy whose origin is the traditions of Britain. The other important characteristic is that of having federal system of governance with a parliament. These manifestations in the political arena all work together in harmony under the guidance of well rooted democratic traditions. It is important to note that the Canadian struct ure of governance was one that was established by the British parliament whereas the federal system of governance came later and was enacted by politicians of Canadian descent. These developments where Canadian politicians begun to take full control of the changes witnessed in their country gained momentum with the advent of the 1st World War.  The natural resources in Canada are distributed in such a way that some regions are adored than others.